To view your post: navigate to the Publishing -> Posts menu found on the left-hand side of the screen in the sidebar menu.
All Posts: Pending Approval, Posted, and Scheduled posts are displayed. You can also filter by posted, pending, or scheduled along the top.

Click on the "Show Details" eye icon under the Actions column to view details of the post:

Click on The Edit Button to make any edits to the post.
Posts can be filtered under Publishing -> Posts using the filters drop-down:

Filters available:
Posted to: filter by which social network
Posted By: filter by who created the post
Posted after: filter by dates
Posted before: filter by dates
Text: filter by keywords in the post
Approval Group: filter by approval groups assigned to a post
Approved By: filter posts by the user who approved the post